Ein heiliger Kroate – Hieronymus der Dalmatiner

Auf Anhieb, ohne Vorbereitung überraschte mich letzte Woche die Berliner Gemäldegalerie am Kulturforum mit zehn Darstellungen des heiligen Hieronymus. Deutsche Renaissancemaler (Lukas Cranach, Albrecht Altdorfer, Hans Schäufelein), Italiener, Holländer sind präsent.20190209_141759-neu-kl

Was hat sie bewogen, diesen Gelehrten und Kirchenfürsten des 5. Jahrhunderts in unterschiedlichen Posen und Umgebungen zu porträtieren, der vor nunmehr über einem Jahrtausend gelebt und gewirkt hatte, dem nicht das Schicksal eines grausam gefolterten und getöteten christlichen Märtyrers zugefallen war? Gewiss mag eine Rolle gespielt haben, dass ihm die bekannte LEGENDA AUREA des Jacobus de Voragine aus dem 13. Jahrhundert ein umfangreiches Kapitel widmete, jene unerschöpfliche Quelle der religiösen Legenden, Biographien und Ereignissen seit Christi Geburt, die der Phantasie der Künstler an der Wende von der Gotik zur Renaissance in Europa mannigfaltige visuelle und sensuelle Anregungen vermittelte. Aber warum gerade dieser Greis, der halbnackte Alte in der Wüste, der Theologe in der Klosterzelle, der Geselle des Löwen?

Ich glaube, dass seine Herkunft aus Dalmatien, dem heutigen Kroatien an der Ostküste der Adria einen Schlüssel bietet zur Beantwortung dieser Frage. Das gebildete Europa des ausgehenden Mittelalters verband diese Region mit den klassischen theologischen Zentren West- und Mitteleuropas, es sah sie als Verbindungsglied zu Byzanz und den legendären heiligen Stätten der christlichen Ursprünge in Palästina.

Künstler, die Hieronymus mit Kardinalshut abbilden oder sogar wie Lukas Cranach d.Ä. den zeitgenössischen Erzbischof von Mainz, Kardinal Albrecht von Brandenburg zum Modell des Heiligen erwählen, stellen so einen ausdrücklichen Bezug zur klerikalen Hierarchie des 15./16. Jahrhunderts her. So bedarf es nicht der naturalistischen Darstellung gemarterter, verbrannter, zerstückelter, geräderter heiliger Frauen wie Katharina, in den Altarbildern und Holzschnitzereien, um die Kirchgänger in ihrem Glauben zu stärken. Der friedliche alte Hieronymus mit seinem zahmen Löwen, ein Kirchenbruder, Mönch, Eremit und Kardinal in Einem, vielleicht glaubhafter als die heiligen Frauengestalten? Und er stammte aus einer Landschaft in der Nähe, aus Kroatien-Dalmatien! – ein Stück Venedig, das man ja kannte, wie Albrecht Dürer verriet.

20190209_144839-neu-kl

Dr. Dieter Weigert, Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg

Autor: Sternberlin

Dr. phil. habil.(Philosophie und politische Wissenschaften) , inzwischen Pensionär - aktiv in Denkmalschutz und Denkmalpflege, besonders Kirchen und historische Friedhöfe in Berlin an Wochenenden - unter der Woche in unregelmäßigen Abständen engagiert in Lehrerfortbildung (Geschichte, Architektur, Literatur und Theater,Bildende Kunst)

112 Kommentare zu „Ein heiliger Kroate – Hieronymus der Dalmatiner“

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