Hieronymus BOSCH oder die EVA an und für sich

bosch-a-8-buhlerin-2Kriege zerstören das Leben einer Frau tausendfach und das Leben tausender Frauen millionenfach.

Die Geschichte der bildenden Kunst präsentiert unzählige Werke, gewidmet dieser Botschaft. Die Sprache der Bildhauer, der Maler und Zeichner, ob figürlich oder abstrakt, kann die Gefühlstiefe der Verletzungen der Frau, der ihr angetanen Gewalt, der subtilen Herabsetzung und Abwertung durch die dominante Männergesellschaft weitaus wirksamer ausdrücken als das Wort des Schriftstellers.

Nehmen wir den niederländischen Maler Hieronymus Bosch. Das Triptychon „Die Versuchung des heiligen Antonius“ (Museo de Arte Antiga, Lissabon) zieht uns durch Feuer, Hexensabbat, fliegende Dämonen, Halluzinationen einer Traumwelt mitten ins Kriegsgeschehen hinein – und in jeder Szene die gemarterte, missbrauchte, auch selbst die Mittel der Verführung einsetzende Frau.

Die Wende vom 15. zum 16. Jahrhundert, in der das Werk entstand, war geprägt von Kriegen, Hoffnungslosigkeit, innerkirchlichen Machtkämpfen. Für die den Schrecken der diesseitigen Welt ausgesetzten Menschen blieb die Phantasie oft der einzige Ausweg – nicht verwunderlich, dass Künstler wie Bosch ihnen Phantasiefiguren in den Altarbildern anboten – zur Verdeutlichung der Schrecken, aber auch als Zeichen der Hoffnung, des Trostes, eines vermeintlichen Auswegs. Der verkehrten, unmenschlichen Welt auf Erden für den „gemeinen Mann“ (und die „gemeine Frau“) stellt Bosch eine aufrüttelnde verkehrte Welt von dämonisierten Tieren, Naturereignissen, aus der Normalität gerissenen Alltagsgegenständen entgegen.

Die grotesken Figuren und Spukgestalten – und das ist das Eigentümliche an Boschs Antonius-Altar – bedrängen den Heiligen nicht unmittelbar körperlich, nicht quälend, sondern mehr spirituell, sinnlich-abstrakt.

bosch-a-5

Sinnlich-konkret jedoch die Frauenfiguren: eine Buhlerin drängt sich im Mittelteil des Triptychons mit ihrem schlanken, gut gekleideten Körper an den Rücken des Heiligen, die Schöne, Nackte mit der Hand am Unterleib, im hohlen Baum (rechte Tafel) und die Hexen auf allen drei Tafeln, verführerisch und gleichzeitig Verführte, durch Spinnweben an den Teufel gebunden.

Mit dieser, wenn auch hauchdünn, subtil dargestellten Bindung der Frauenfiguren, dem Verlust ihrer Eigenständigkeit und Selbstbestimmung rückt die gesellschaftliche Realität in den Mittelpunkt der Ästhetik Boschs und seiner Zeitgenossen, ein zeitloses Thema.

Dieter Weigert, Berlin, Dezember 2018

Autor: Sternberlin

Dr. phil. habil.(Philosophie und politische Wissenschaften) , inzwischen Pensionär - aktiv in Denkmalschutz und Denkmalpflege, besonders Kirchen und historische Friedhöfe in Berlin an Wochenenden - unter der Woche in unregelmäßigen Abständen engagiert in Lehrerfortbildung (Geschichte, Architektur, Literatur und Theater,Bildende Kunst)

17 Kommentare zu „Hieronymus BOSCH oder die EVA an und für sich“

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