Berlin-Neukölln: Bruno Bauer und Friedrich Engels

grab-bauer

In Berlin starb am 13. April ein Mann, der früher einmal als Philosoph und Theolog eine Rolle gespielt, seit Jahren aber, halb verschollen, nur von Zeit zu Zeit als „literarischer Sonderling“ die Aufmerksamkeit des Publikums auf sich gezogen hatte. Nein liebe Berliner Leser, Sie haben keine Nachricht im Fernsehen oder in den Zeitungen verpasst – die Nachricht ist uralt, nicht einmal von gestern, sondern aus dem Jahre 1882. Diese wörtlich übernommene Formulierung (Marx/Engels Werke, Band 19, Berlin 1962, Seite 297) stammt aus der Feder von Friedrich Engels, erschien in der Zeitschrift „Der Sozialdemokrat“ im Mai 1882 und bezieht sich auf Bruno Bauer. Engels hatte Bruno Bauer während seines Berliner Aufenthalts gut gekannt, wegen des konsequenten Eintretens für Demokratie und Pressefreiheit verloren Engels‘ Freund Karl Marx und Bruno Bauer gleichzeitig 1842 ihre Aussichten auf eine akademische Laufbahn im konservativen Preußen.

Obwohl Engels Bruno Bauers politische Ansichten (insbesondere zur Judenfrage) nicht teilte, achtete er ihn als Wissenschaftler, schätze er vor allem seine Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Urchristentums. Bauer ist lange tot und vergessen, liegt auf einem der vielen Neuköllner Friedhöfe begraben, seine Schriften zur Religionsgeschichte sind aber heute noch mit Genuss lesbar.

Den Schlüsselsatz seiner Auseinandersetzung mit den Konservativen im Gefolge der epochemachenden Analyse von David Friedrich Strauß „Das Leben Jesu“  finden wir in der 1840 erschienenen „Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte des Johannes“, wonach niemand die Frage beantwortet hat, „wie die prophetische unmittelbare Anschauung vom Messias zu einem festen Reflexions-Begriff geworden sey, und dennoch würde man sich bei dem gewöhnlichen Vorurtheil, welches in der Geschichte überall bekannte und abgemachte Sachen sieht, nur wundern, wie man noch jene Frage aufwerfen könne. Andererseits ist die gewöhnliche und populäre Anschauung von der Persönlichkeit Jesu so sehr in starre Reflexionen eingehaust, daß sie sich in der wirklichen Geschichte nicht mehr wiederfinden kann und, wenn ihr das Licht derselben entgegentritt, nur unangenehm berührt wird“ (Vorrede, Seite VI).

Es ist die Konfrontation der Legenden und Mythen um die Gestalt des Jesus des Neuen Testaments mit der geschichtlichen Wirklichkeit, die der Hegelianer Bruno Bauer detailliert betreibt. Akribisch beschreibt er die Prozesse der Verschmelzung von Positionen der griechischen (vor allem der stoischen) Philosophie mit rationalistischen jüdischen Lehren, der Versöhnung östlicher und westlicher Anschauungen, aus der sich die wesentlichen ur-christlichen Vorstellungen herausschälen – die angeborene Sündhaftigkeit des Menschen, anstelle der Tieropfer die Darbringung des eigenen Herzens auf den Altar Gottes, die Abwendung vom Reichtum und den Privilegierten, damit die Hinwendung zu den Armen, Kranken, Sklaven. Mit seinen Untersuchungen erreichte Bauer auf dem Fundament der Hegelschen Religions- und Geschichtsphilosophie den entscheidenden Durchbruch zum wissenschaftlichen Nachweis, dass der Siegeszug des Christentums im römischen Weltreich vorrangig nicht das Werk von Betrügern gewesen war, wenn er auch Elemente des Betrugs und der Fälschung nicht entbehrte. Friedrich Engels konnte auf Bauers Arbeiten zum Evangelium des Johannes und zu den Synoptikern zurückgreifen, als er später selbst umfangreiche Studien zu den geistigen Quellen des Urchristentums veröffentlichte. Er wird wohl noch während seiner Berliner Jahre Bruno Bauer auf dessem kleinen Gut in Rixdorf (heute Ortsteil Neuköllns) besucht haben. Vermutlich können wir aber ausschließen, dass er das Ehrengrab Bauers auf dem Neuen St. Jacobi Friedhof kannte.

 

Autor: Sternberlin

Dr. phil. habil.(Philosophie und politische Wissenschaften) , inzwischen Pensionär - aktiv in Denkmalschutz und Denkmalpflege, besonders Kirchen und historische Friedhöfe in Berlin an Wochenenden - unter der Woche in unregelmäßigen Abständen engagiert in Lehrerfortbildung (Geschichte, Architektur, Literatur und Theater,Bildende Kunst)

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